Sriwijaya Journal of Forensic and Medicolegal

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in Homicide Investigations: A Comparative Study of Expert Interpretations in Santiago, Chile

Manuel Yacob Hernandez — 2023-05-02

Introduction: Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) plays a pivotal role in homicide investigations, aiding in crime scene reconstruction and understanding the dynamics of violent events. However, the interpretation of bloodstain patterns can be subjective, influenced by an expert's experience, training, and methodologies. This study aimed to investigate the degree of concordance and variability among expert interpretations of bloodstain patterns in homicide cases in Santiago, Chile.

Methods: A series of mock crime scenes involving various bloodletting mechanisms (blunt force trauma, stabbing, gunshot) were created. A panel of experienced bloodstain pattern analysts (BPAs) independently examined the scenes and provided their interpretations regarding the events that transpired. The experts' findings were compared and analyzed for consistency, discrepancies, and potential sources of variability.

Results: The study revealed a moderate degree of concordance among the expert interpretations. While the experts generally agreed on the broad categories of bloodletting mechanisms, there were notable discrepancies in the finer details of the events, such as the number of blows, the sequence of events, and the positions of the victim and assailant. The sources of variability identified included the experts' individual experience, training backgrounds, and the methodologies employed.

Conclusion: This study underscores the inherent subjectivity in BPA and highlights the need for standardized protocols and continuous training to enhance the reliability and objectivity of bloodstain pattern interpretations in homicide investigations. The findings have implications for the legal and forensic communities, emphasizing the importance of cautious interpretation and the potential for variability in expert opinions.

The Impact of Postmortem Interval on the Reliability of Forensic Autopsy Evidence in Murder Cases: A Comprehensive Analysis in Nairobi, Kenya

Stephen Kase — 2023-05-02

Introduction: Postmortem interval (PMI) significantly impacts the accuracy and interpretation of forensic autopsy evidence, especially in murder cases. In Nairobi, Kenya, where resources and infrastructure may be limited, understanding the relationship between PMI and evidence reliability is crucial for effective investigations and prosecutions.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 150 murder cases in Nairobi between 2018 and 2023. Cases were stratified based on PMI (early PMI <24 hours, intermediate PMI 24-72 hours, late PMI >72 hours). Autopsy reports were reviewed to assess the reliability of evidence related to the cause of death, manner of death, and identification. Statistical analyses were performed to examine the correlation between PMI and evidence reliability.

Results: As PMI increased, the reliability of certain forensic evidence decreased significantly. Early PMI cases showed the highest reliability for determining the cause of death, manner of death, and identification. In contrast, late PMI cases often presented challenges in interpreting evidence due to decomposition, scavenging, and environmental factors. This led to uncertainties in determining the cause and manner of death, particularly in cases involving blunt force trauma or asphyxia.

Conclusion: This study highlights the critical impact of PMI on the reliability of forensic autopsy evidence in murder cases in Nairobi. Early PMI examinations are essential for obtaining accurate and reliable evidence, especially in resource-limited settings. Standardized protocols, improved infrastructure, and ongoing training for forensic pathologists are crucial to mitigate the challenges associated with PMI and ensure justice in murder investigations.

Barotrauma in Technical Diving: An Exploration of Risk Factors and Preventive Measures in Raja Ampat, Southwest Papua, Indonesia

Lusiana Saallo — 2023-05-02

Introduction: Technical diving, while offering an unparalleled exploration of underwater environments like Raja Ampat's biodiverse reefs, presents inherent risks, with barotrauma being a major concern. This study aims to analyze barotrauma incidents among technical divers in Raja Ampat, identify risk factors, and propose preventive measures.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of barotrauma cases (2018-2023) was conducted in collaboration with local dive centers and medical facilities. Data collected included: demographics, dive profiles, equipment, pre-existing conditions, symptoms, and treatment. Statistical analysis was performed to identify significant associations.

Results: A total of 42 barotrauma cases were identified (ear: 69%, sinus: 21%, lung: 10%). Significant risk factors included: rapid ascents (p<0.01), inadequate equalization techniques (p<0.05), and pre-existing conditions like allergies or upper respiratory tract infections (p<0.05). Most cases were mild to moderate and managed with conservative treatment.

Conclusion: Barotrauma remains a significant risk in technical diving in Raja Ampat. Strict adherence to safe diving practices, comprehensive pre-dive medical evaluations, and targeted diver education programs are crucial to mitigate these risks.

The Impact of Delays in Reporting on the Recovery and Interpretation of Sperm Evidence in Sexual Assault Cases in Bangkok, Thailand

Chris Siriraj — 2023-05-02

Introduction: The timely reporting of sexual assault cases is critical for the preservation and effective analysis of forensic evidence, especially sperm evidence. In Bangkok, Thailand, delays in reporting are common due to various socio-cultural factors. This study aimed to investigate the impact of such delays on the recovery and interpretation of sperm evidence in sexual assault cases.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 150 sexual assault cases reported in Bangkok between 2018 and 2023. Cases were categorized based on reporting delay: less than 24 hours, 24-72 hours, and more than 72 hours. The recovery rates of sperm from various anatomical sites and the quality of DNA profiles obtained were compared across the groups. Additionally, a survey was conducted among forensic practitioners in Bangkok to assess their perceptions of the challenges associated with delayed reporting.

Results: The study found a significant decline in sperm recovery rates with increasing reporting delays. In cases reported within 24 hours, sperm recovery rates were highest, particularly from vaginal swabs. The quality of DNA profiles obtained also showed a similar trend, with delays leading to increased degradation and difficulties in interpretation. The survey revealed that forensic practitioners perceive delayed reporting as a major challenge, impacting their ability to provide conclusive evidence in sexual assault cases.

Conclusion: Delays in reporting sexual assault cases in Bangkok significantly impact the recovery and interpretation of sperm evidence. Efforts to encourage prompt reporting, coupled with improved forensic techniques for analyzing degraded samples, are crucial for enhancing the investigation and prosecution of sexual assault cases in the region.

Breaking the Cycle: A Medicolegal Analysis of the Effectiveness of Interventions in Preventing Domestic Violence Recidivism in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Mohammed Ayash — 2023-05-02

Introduction: Domestic violence remains a pervasive issue globally, and Dhaka, Bangladesh, is no exception. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of various interventions in preventing recidivism among domestic violence perpetrators in Dhaka.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving 300 individuals convicted of domestic violence between 2018 and 2023 in Dhaka. Data were collected from court records, police reports, and intervention program records. Recidivism was defined as a subsequent conviction for domestic violence within three years of the initial conviction. The impact of interventions, such as batterer intervention programs, counseling, and legal sanctions, on recidivism rates was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results: The overall recidivism rate was 32%. Participation in batterer intervention programs was associated with a significant reduction in recidivism (Hazard Ratio [HR] 0.52, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.35-0.77). Counseling also demonstrated a modest protective effect (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53-0.95). Legal sanctions, such as restraining orders and probation, were not independently associated with reduced recidivism.

Conclusion: Batterer intervention programs and counseling show promise in reducing domestic violence recidivism in Dhaka. A multi-pronged approach incorporating these interventions, along with enhanced legal and social support systems, is crucial for effectively breaking the cycle of domestic violence.