Corrections

Errors that affect accuracy or clarity but do not invalidate the main findings may be addressed by a dated correction linked to the article. The correction identifies the affected material and explains the change. Substantive changes must not be made silently to a published article.

Retractions and expressions of concern

A retraction may be appropriate when findings are unreliable, publication is seriously unethical, or substantial plagiarism or redundant publication is established. A clearly identified notice explains the reason and who is retracting the work and is linked to the article. The original record is retained and marked as retracted whenever legally and ethically possible.

An expression of concern may be issued when a serious issue remains unresolved and readers need to be alerted. Removal of content is reserved for exceptional circumstances such as a legal requirement or serious privacy or safety risk; an explanatory record is retained where possible.

Version information and Crossmark

Readers should use the article landing page and any linked notices to check the status of a publication. Where an active Crossmark record is available, it provides an additional route to update information. The presence of a logo alone is not a guarantee of registration, completeness, or the quality of an article.